Filovirus

Summary

Filoviruses are a class of RNA viruses that contain single-stranded, negative-sense RNA. They utilize a helical capsid, and are further surrounded by a viral envelope. The most well-known filovirus is the ebola virus, which is a highly contagious and life-threatening virus that causes hemorrhage and DIC. Another lesser-known virus is the Marburg virus, which causes Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever. Diagnosis of filovirus infections involves a PCR to detect the viral RNA. As of now, no curative treatment for Ebola and Marburg viruses exists and most patients receive general supportive care. 

Key Points

• Filoviruses
  • Characteristics
    • RNA viruses
      • replicate in the cytoplasm of cells
      • Single-stranded
      • - sense
      • Linear
    • Enveloped
    • Helical capsid
  • Presentation
    • Ebolaviruses
      • Transmission
        • Travel to endemic countries
          • direct contact with bodily fluids, fomites (including dead bodies), infected bats or primates (apes/monkeys)
        • high incidence of nosocomial (health-care related) infection
      • Pathogenesis
        • Targets endothelial cells, hepatocytes, phagocytes
      • Presentation
        • incubation period of up to 21 days
        • abrupt onset of flu-like symptoms (high fever, myalgia), diarrhea, and vomiting
        • DIC, diffuse hemorrhage, shock, conjunctival injection
      • Diagnosis
        • RT-PCR
          • Viral RNA detectable within 48 hrs of sxs onset
      • Treatment
        • Supportive ; no definitive treatment
          • High mortality rate
        • Strict isolation for infected individuals and barrier practices for health care workers are key in preventing transmission
    • Marburg hemorrhagic fever